{"id":859,"date":"2021-02-16T22:30:41","date_gmt":"2021-02-16T22:30:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/scope.everus.com.br\/?page_id=859"},"modified":"2021-02-21T23:49:17","modified_gmt":"2021-02-21T23:49:17","slug":"table-of-contents","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bioenfapesp.org\/scopebioenergy\/index.php\/table-of-contents\/","title":{"rendered":"Table of Contents – SCOPE Bioenergy and Sustainability"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t
Section I<\/td>i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Foreword<\/td>iii<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SCOPE Bioenergy & Sustainability Contributors<\/td>v<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acknowledgments<\/td>xi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Section II - Summaries<\/td>3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Executive Summary<\/td>4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.\u00a0\u00a0Technical Summary<\/td>8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.1\u00a0 Introduction<\/td>12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.2\u00a0 Sustainable Development and Innovation<\/td>13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.3\u00a0 Global Climate Change<\/td>14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.4\u00a0 Planning the Expansion of Bioenergy<\/td>15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.4.1\u00a0 Integrated Policy to Maximize Bioenergy Benefits and Positive Synergies<\/td>17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.4.2\u00a0\u00a0Sustainable and Reliable Biomass Supply<\/td>20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.4.3\u00a0 Developing Sustainable Biorefinery Systems<\/td>21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.4.4\u00a0 Bioenergy Governance<\/td>23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.4.5\u00a0 Bioenergy Certification and Social Aspects<\/td>24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.4.6\u00a0 Financing the Bioenergy Effort<\/td>24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.4.7\u00a0\u00a0Bioenergy Trade Expansion<\/td>25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.5\u00a0 Conclusions<\/td>25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.\u00a0 Bioenergy Numbers<\/td>28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2\u00a0\u00a0Bioenergy Production Now<\/td>29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.1\u00a0\u00a0Current Feedstocks<\/td>30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Current Land Use<\/td>33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.3\u00a0\u00a0Current Conversion Technologies<\/td>33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.3.1\u00a0\u00a0Conventional Ethanol<\/td>33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.3.2\u00a0\u00a0Ethanol and Flexible Fuel Vehicle Engines<\/td>35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.3.3\u00a0\u00a0Biodiesel<\/td>35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.3.4\u00a0\u00a0Biodiesel Vehicle Engines<\/td>36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.3.5\u00a0\u00a0Lignocellulosic Ethanol<\/td>\u00a036<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.3.6\u00a0\u00a0Aviation Biofuels<\/td>37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.3.7\u00a0\u00a0Renewable Diesel<\/td>37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.3.8\u00a0\u00a0Bioelectricity<\/td>37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.3.9\u00a0\u00a0Biogas<\/td>38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.3.10\u00a0\u00a0Biogas Vehicles<\/td>40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.3.11\u00a0\u00a0Heat<\/td>40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.2.4\u00a0\u00a0Emissions<\/td>40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.3\u00a0\u00a0Bioenergy Expansion<\/td>42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.3.1\u00a0\u00a0Land Availability<\/td>42<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.3.2\u00a0\u00a0Biomass Production Potential<\/td>44<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.3.3\u00a0\u00a0Bioenergy Costs<\/td>46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.3.4\u00a0\u00a0Biomass Supply in the Face of Climate Change<\/td>47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.3.5\u00a0\u00a0Impacts of Bioenergy Expansion on Biodiversity and Ecosystems<\/td>47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.3.6\u00a0\u00a0Indirect Effects<\/td>49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.3.7\u00a0\u00a0Financing<\/td>49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.3.8\u00a0\u00a0Trade<\/td>50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.4\u00a0\u00a0Bioenergy Added Benefits to Social and Environmental Development<\/td>50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.4.1\u00a0\u00a0Biomass Carbon Capture and Sequestration<\/td>50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.4.2\u00a0\u00a0Improvement of Soil Quality<\/td>52<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.4.3\u00a0\u00a0Increasing Soil Carbon<\/td>53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.4.4\u00a0\u00a0Pollution Reduction<\/td>55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.4.5\u00a0\u00a0Social Benefits<\/td>55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Section III - Synthesis Chapters<\/td>59<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.\u00a0\u00a0 Energy Security<\/td>60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2\u00a0\u00a0Key Findings<\/td>62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.1\u00a0\u00a0Understanding Energy Security and Bioenergy<\/td>62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.1.1\u00a0\u00a0Availability and Markets<\/td>64<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.1.2\u00a0\u00a0Access and Energy Security<\/td>66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.1.3\u00a0\u00a0Usability and Processing<\/td>66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.1.4\u00a0\u00a0Stability and Storage<\/td>68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Interconnectivity with Key Goals and Policies<\/td>69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.2.1\u00a0\u00a0The Food and Security Nexus<\/td>71<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Economics, Markets and Investment<\/td>\u00a073<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.3\u00a0\u00a0Bioenergy Technology Related Energy Security Issues<\/td>74<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.4\u00a0\u00a0Geopolitics of Bioenergy and Energy Security<\/td>76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.5\u00a0\u00a0Local Issues<\/td>79<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.5.1\u00a0\u00a0Lifeline Energy Needs<\/td>79<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.5.2\u00a0\u00a0Pollution<\/td>80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.5.3\u00a0\u00a0Water Use<\/td>80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.5.4\u00a0\u00a0Economics, Jobs and Livelihoods<\/td>81<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.5.5\u00a0\u00a0Women and Children, Education and Development<\/td>82<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.5.6\u00a0\u00a0Health Impacts<\/td>82<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.5.7\u00a0\u00a0Co-Benefits and Tradeoffs<\/td>82<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.2.5.8\u00a0\u00a0Research Needs and Sustainability<\/td>83<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.3\u00a0\u00a0Conclusions and Recommendations<\/td>83<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.4\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>84<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.4.1\u00a0\u00a0Availability of Sustainable Biomass<\/td>85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.4.2\u00a0\u00a0Conversion Technologies<\/td>85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.4.3\u00a0\u00a0Needed Science for Bioenergy to Achieve Maximum Benefit to Energy Security<\/td>86<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acknowledgments<\/td>86<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>87<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.\u00a0\u00a0Bioenergy and Food Security<\/td>90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.1.1\u00a0\u00a0Relevance<\/td>93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.1.2\u00a0\u00a0What is Food Security?<\/td>97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.1.3\u00a0\u00a0Ethical Principles<\/td>97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.1.4\u00a0\u00a0What has changed? - Emerging Evidence on Bioenergy and Food Security<\/td>99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.1.5\u00a0\u00a0Background and Preconditions<\/td>101<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2\u00a0\u00a0Key Findings<\/td>102<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.1\u00a0\u00a0Food Security, Bioenergy, Land Availability and Biomass Resources<\/td>102<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.1.1\u00a0\u00a0Increasing Crop Production versus Increased Demand for Primary Foodstuffs<\/td>102<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.1.2\u00a0\u00a0Global Change<\/td>\u00a0105<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.1.3\u00a0\u00a0Land and Water Availability<\/td>106<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Interplay between Bioenergy and Food Security<\/td>107<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.2.1\u00a0\u00a0Analysis of Food Security in the Bioenergy Context<\/td>107<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Availability<\/td>109<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.2.3\u00a0\u00a0Access<\/td>109<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.2.4\u00a0\u00a0Utilization<\/td>110<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.2.5\u00a0\u00a0Stability and Resilience<\/td>110<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.3\u00a0\u00a0Causal Linkages: Bioenergy, Rural Agricultural Development and Food Security<\/td>112<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.4\u00a0\u00a0Governance<\/td>116<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.4.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>116<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.2.4.2\u00a0\u00a0Implementation, Scale and Resource Ownership in Relation to Food Security<\/td>118<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.3\u00a0\u00a0Conclusions<\/td>120<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.4\u00a0\u00a0Recommendations for Research, Capacity Building, Communication and Policy Making<\/td>124<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.5\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>127<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.5.1\u00a0\u00a0Farming practice and management in relation to food security<\/td>127<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.5.2\u00a0\u00a0Food security indicators and monitoring<\/td>127<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.5.3\u00a0\u00a0Governance including regulations, local and global policies and certification<\/td>129<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.5.4\u00a0\u00a0Finance and investment models<\/td>129<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.5.5\u00a0\u00a0Communication and mutual learning<\/td>129<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acknowledgments<\/td>130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. \u00a0Environmental and Climate Security<\/td>138<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>139<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>140<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>143<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.1.1\u00a0\u00a0Security is Important<\/td>143<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.1.2\u00a0\u00a0Key Opportunities and Challenges<\/td>144<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.2\u00a0\u00a0Key Aspects<\/td>145<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.2.1\u00a0\u00a0Climate Change<\/td>145<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Land Use Change (LUC)<\/td>146<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.2.3\u00a0\u00a0Ecosystem Change<\/td>\u00a0149<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.2.3.1\u00a0\u00a0Agricultural, Forest and Grassland Landscapes<\/td>149<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.2.3.2\u00a0\u00a0Coastal Areas<\/td>150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.2.3.3\u00a0\u00a0Marginal and Degraded Lands<\/td>151<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.3\u00a0\u00a0Environmental Security<\/td>153<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.3.1\u00a0\u00a0Biodiversity Related Impacts<\/td>154<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.3.2\u00a0\u00a0Water Supply and Quality Impacts<\/td>156<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.3.2.1\u00a0\u00a0Impacts on Water Resource Abundance<\/td>156<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.3.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Impacts on Water Quality<\/td>158<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.3.2.3\u00a0\u00a0Selecting Watershed Appropriate Bioenergy Systems<\/td>159<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.3.3\u00a0\u00a0Soil Quality and Nutrient Cycling Impacts<\/td>159<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.4\u00a0\u00a0Climate Security<\/td>164<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.5\u00a0\u00a0Governance and Policy Guidelines<\/td>168<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.5.1\u00a0\u00a0Underlying Causes of Deforestation<\/td>169<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.5.2\u00a0\u00a0Guidelines for Social and Environmental Factors \u2013 Biodiversity, Water<\/td>170<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.6\u00a0\u00a0Conclusions<\/td>171<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.7\u00a0\u00a0Recommendations<\/td>171<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.8\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>175<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>175<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6. \u00a0Sustainable Development and Innovation<\/td>184<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>185<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>185<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Examples of Innovative and Integrated Bioenergy Systems<\/td>186<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>187<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.2\u00a0\u00a0Bioenergy Systems: the Innovation Perspective<\/td>190<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.2.1\u00a0\u00a0Innovation and Biofuels<\/td>192<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Innovative Tools and Methodology Issues<\/td>192<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.2.3\u00a0\u00a0Bioenergy and Food Security: an Innovative Approach<\/td>196<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.3\u00a0\u00a0Need for Increased Capacity in Data Gathering and Analysis<\/td>197<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.4\u00a0\u00a0Capacity Building and Sustainable Bioenergy<\/td>201<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.5\u00a0\u00a0Need for Flexible Financial Models<\/td>202<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.6\u00a0\u00a0Relevance of Consultation and Communication<\/td>\u00a0206<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.6.1\u00a0\u00a0Public Participation - An Overview<\/td>206<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.6.2\u00a0\u00a0Key Principles of Stakeholder Engagement<\/td>207<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.6.3\u00a0\u00a0Stakeholder Participation in the Bioenergy Sector<\/td>208<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.6.4\u00a0\u00a0Public Perception and Communicating Good Practices<\/td>210<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.7\u00a0\u00a0Final Remarks<\/td>211<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.8\u00a0\u00a0Recommendations<\/td>212<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.9\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>214<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>214<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science: Filling the Gaps for Sustainable Bioenergy Expansion<\/td>218<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Integration of Sciences for Bioenergy to Achieve its Maximum Benefits<\/td>219<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.1\u00a0\u00a0Policy<\/td>221<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.2\u00a0\u00a0Sustainable Biomass Supply<\/td>222<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.3\u00a0\u00a0Feedstocks<\/td>223<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.4\u00a0\u00a0Logistics<\/td>224<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.5\u00a0\u00a0Technologies<\/td>225<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.6\u00a0\u00a0Exploring Social and Environmental Benefits<\/td>226<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Section IV - Background Chapters<\/td>229<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.\u00a0\u00a0Perspectives on Bioenergy<\/td>230<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>231<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>231<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>232<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.2\u00a0\u00a0The Upward Trajectory of Biofuels<\/td>233<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.3\u00a0\u00a0Low-Carbon Heat and Power<\/td>244<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.4\u00a0\u00a0The Unrealized Potential of Biogas<\/td>245<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.5\u00a0\u00a0Cellulosic Biofuels Have Arrived<\/td>246<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.6\u00a0\u00a0Diesel and Jet-fuel from Sugars<\/td>247<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.7\u00a0\u00a0Biofuels Done Right<\/td>248<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.8\u00a0\u00a0Abundant Idle Land for Bioenergy Production<\/td>249<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.9\u00a0\u00a0Bioenergy Risks and Tradeoffs<\/td>251<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acknowledgments<\/td>\u00a0253<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>253<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.\u00a0\u00a0Land and Bioenergy<\/td>258<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>259<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>260<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>260<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2\u00a0\u00a0Key Findings<\/td>262<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.1\u00a0\u00a0Global Land Availability and Projected Demand for Food, Fiber and Infrastructure<\/td>262<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.1.1\u00a0\u00a0Land Demand<\/td>262<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.1.2\u00a0\u00a0Current Land Demand for Bioenergy<\/td>264<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.1.3\u00a0\u00a0Land Availability<\/td>266<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Illustrative Example: Brazilian Land Use and Potential Availability<\/td>271<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.3\u00a0\u00a0Land Use Intensities for Bioenergy Supply<\/td>275<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.3.1\u00a0\u00a0Biofuels<\/td>275<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.3.2\u00a0\u00a0Bioelectricity<\/td>276<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.3.3\u00a0\u00a0Bio-Heat<\/td>276<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.4\u00a0\u00a0Dynamics of Bioenergy Supply<\/td>279<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.5\u00a0\u00a0Biomass Energy Supply: The Answer Depends on How the Question Is Framed<\/td>282<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.5.1\u00a0\u00a0Residual Biomass Arising from Non-Bioenergy Activities<\/td>283<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.5.2\u00a0\u00a0Separate Analysis of Food and Bioenergy Production Systems<\/td>284<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.6\u00a0\u00a0Integrated Analysis of Food and Bioenergy Production Systems<\/td>285<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.6.1\u00a0\u00a0Sustainable Intensification<\/td>286<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.2.7\u00a0\u00a0Estimates of Bioenergy Potential<\/td>288<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.3\u00a0\u00a0Discussion and Conclusions<\/td>289<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.4.\u00a0\u00a0Recommendations<\/td>293<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.5.\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>294<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>295<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.\u00a0\u00a0Feedstocks for Biofuels and Bioenergy<\/td>302<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>303<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>304<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>306<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.2\u00a0\u00a0Maize and Other Grains<\/td>\u00a0308<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.3\u00a0\u00a0Sugarcane<\/td>314<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.4\u00a0\u00a0Perennial Grasses<\/td>318<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.5\u00a0\u00a0Agave<\/td>322<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.6\u00a0\u00a0Oil Crops<\/td>324<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.7\u00a0\u00a0Forests and Short Rotation Coppice (SRC)<\/td>327<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.8\u00a0\u00a0Algae<\/td>331<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.9\u00a0\u00a0Conclusions<\/td>335<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.10\u00a0\u00a0Recommendations and Much Needed Science<\/td>336<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>337<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.\u00a0\u00a0Feedstock Supply Chains<\/td>348<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>349<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>350<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>350<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.2\u00a0\u00a0Key Features of Biomass Supply Chains<\/td>351<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.3\u00a0\u00a0Biomass Crops and their Supply Chains<\/td>352<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.4\u00a0\u00a0Typical Layout of the Biomass Supply Chains<\/td>353<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.4.1\u00a0\u00a0Harvesting and Collection<\/td>353<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.4.2\u00a0\u00a0Transportation<\/td>354<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.4.3\u00a0\u00a0Storage<\/td>355<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.4.4\u00a0\u00a0Pretreatment<\/td>356<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.5\u00a0\u00a0Challenges, Best Practices and Key Lessons in Biomass Supply Chains<\/td>357<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.6\u00a0\u00a0Case Studies of Biomass Supply Chains<\/td>358<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.6.1\u00a0\u00a0Sugarcane<\/td>358<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.6.2\u00a0\u00a0Eucalyptus<\/td>361<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.6.3\u00a0\u00a0Elephant Grass\/Miscanthus<\/td>362<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.6.4\u00a0\u00a0Palm Oil<\/td>363<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.7\u00a0\u00a0Concluding Remarks<\/td>364<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.8\u00a0\u00a0Recommendations<\/td>365<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.9\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>366<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>367<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.\u00a0\u00a0Conversion Technologies for Biofuels and Their Use<\/td>374<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>375<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>378<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>381<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.1.1\u00a0\u00a0Environmental and Sustainability Context<\/td>383<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.1.2\u00a0\u00a0Technology Development and Deployment Context<\/td>390<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2\u00a0\u00a0Key Findings<\/td>394<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1\u00a0\u00a0Biofuels and Sustainability Are Systems Dependent: Scale, Nature and Location<\/td>397<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.1\u00a0\u00a0Ethanol<\/td>403<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.1.1\u00a0\u00a0Maize and Other Grains\u2014Dry Mill Corn Refining Industry Emerged for Ethanol, Feed, and Biodiesel<\/td>404<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.1.2\u00a0\u00a0Sugarcane Biorefineries Make Ethanol, Sugar, and Power the Grid (mostly based on Walter et al. 2014)<\/td>405<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.1.3\u00a0\u00a0Scale\u2014Large and Larger, with Small-Scale Ethanol Production Evolving<\/td>407<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.1.4\u00a0\u00a0Lignocellulosic Ethanol Using Bioconversion Processes in Biorefineries<\/td>408<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.2\u00a0\u00a0Other Alcohols, Fuel Precursors, and Hydrocarbons from Biochemical Processing<\/td>413<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.3\u00a0\u00a0Biodiesel\u2014Chemical Processing of Plant Oils or Fats Matures\u2014Small and Large Plants<\/td>416<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.4\u00a0\u00a0Renewable Diesel\u2014Hybrid Chemical and Thermochemical Processing from Plant Oils or Fats to Hydrocarbons<\/td>417<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.5\u00a0\u00a0Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, Ethers, Chemicals, and Power from Biomass and Waste Gasification\u2014Flexible Biorefineries to Multiple Products<\/td>417<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.5.1\u00a0\u00a0Catalytic Upgrading of Syngas\u2014Commercial and Developing Processes\u2014Could Lead to CO2 Capture and Storage<\/td>418<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.5.2\u00a0\u00a0Bioprocessing Upgrading\u2014Hybrid Processing<\/td>421<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.6\u00a0\u00a0Liquid Fuels from Biomass Pyrolysis\u2014Multiple Scales for Centralized and Decentralized Production of Bio-Oils and Upgrading<\/td>422<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.7\u00a0\u00a0Biofuels from Forest Products and Pulp and Paper Biorefineries\u2014Old and New<\/td>425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.8\u00a0\u00a0The Commercialization of Advanced Biofuels and Biorefineries<\/td>426<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.8.1\u00a0\u00a0Partnerships Created Across the Globe Demonstrate Multiple Technically Feasible Options for Advanced Biofuels and Many Types of Biorefineries<\/td>427<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.1.8.2\u00a0\u00a0Estimated Production Costs of the Porfolios of Advanced Technologies<\/td>\u00a0429<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Biofuels Utilization in Transport<\/td>431<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.2.1\u00a0\u00a0Ethanol Use Increased<\/td>431<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.2.1.1\u00a0\u00a0Low and Mid-level Blends Used in More Than Fifty Countries<\/td>432<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.2.1.2\u00a0\u00a0Straight Ethanol and Flexible Fuel Vehicles in Brazil, U.S., and Sweden<\/td>435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Other Alcohols Are Less Volatile but Have Lower Octane Numbers<\/td>435<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.2.3\u00a0\u00a0Biodiesel Is Blended with Diesel, Some Infrastructure and Distribution Issues<\/td>437<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.2.4\u00a0\u00a0Biomass-Derived Hydrocarbon Fuels Reach a Larger Fraction of the Barrel of Oil<\/td>438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.2.4.1\u00a0\u00a0Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils or Renewable Diesel is a Hydrocarbon and Can Come from Many Feedstocks<\/td>438<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.2.2.4.2\u00a0\u00a0Developing Bio-Jet Fuels Need a High Density Low Carbon Fuel<\/td>439<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.3\u00a0\u00a0Conclusions<\/td>440<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.4\u00a0\u00a0Recommendations for Research, Capacity Building, and Policy Making<\/td>444<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capacity building recommendations<\/td>445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Policy recommendations<\/td>445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acknowledgments<\/td>446<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>446<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Notes<\/td>461<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.\u00a0\u00a0Agriculture and Forestry Integration<\/td>468<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>469<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>469<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>469<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.2\u00a0\u00a0Forestry\/Agriculture Interface<\/td>470<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.3\u00a0\u00a0New Paradigms in Ecological Land Management<\/td>472<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.3.1\u00a0\u00a0High Productivity Polyculture Systems<\/td>473<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.3.2\u00a0\u00a0High Productivity Monoculture Systems<\/td>475<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.3.3\u00a0\u00a0The Green Economy<\/td>476<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.4\u00a0\u00a0Integrated Landscape and Bioenergy System Design<\/td>479<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.5\u00a0\u00a0Integrated Natural Forests, Planted Forests, Agroforestry, and Restored and Artificial Prairie Systems as Sources of Biomass - Potentials and Challenges<\/td>480<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.6\u00a0\u00a0Conclusions and Policy Recommendations<\/td>482<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.7\u00a0\u00a0Recommendations<\/td>483<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.8\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>484<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acknowledgments<\/td>485<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>485<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.\u00a0\u00a0Case Studies<\/td>490<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>491<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>492<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>493<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.2\u00a0\u00a0Key Findings<\/td>494<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.2.1\u00a0\u00a0The Brazilian Experience with Sugarcane Ethanol<\/td>494<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Surplus Power Generation in Sugar\/Ethanol Mills: Cases in Brazil and Mauritius<\/td>497<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.2.3\u00a0The African Experience<\/td>503<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.2.4\u00a0\u00a0The Asia Experience<\/td>506<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.2.5\u00a0\u00a0Biofuels from Agricultural Residues: Assessing Sustainability in the USA Case<\/td>512<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.2.6\u00a0\u00a0Comparison of Biogas Production in Germany, California and the United Kingdom<\/td>514<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.2.7\u00a0\u00a0Wood Pellets and Municipal Solid Waste Power in Scandinavia<\/td>518<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.3\u00a0\u00a0Overall Conclusions<\/td>520<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.4\u00a0\u00a0Recommendations<\/td>521<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.5\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>522<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>522<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.\u00a0\u00a0Social Considerations<\/td>528<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>529<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>529<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>530<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.2\u00a0\u00a0Review of Legal Frameworks and Social Considerations in Bioenergy Production around the World<\/td>532<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.3\u00a0\u00a0Land, Water and Natural Resources<\/td>\u00a0535<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.4\u00a0\u00a0Employment, Rural Opportunities and Livelihood Impacts<\/td>536<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.5\u00a0\u00a0Skills and Training<\/td>537<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.6\u00a0\u00a0Poverty, Health and Food Production<\/td>538<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.7\u00a0\u00a0Land Rights, Gender and Vulnerable Groups<\/td>540<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.8\u00a0\u00a0Societal Perception, Corporate Sustainability Reporting and Monitoring<\/td>542<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.9\u00a0\u00a0Conclusions and Recommendations<\/td>543<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.10\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>544<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>545<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.\u00a0\u00a0Biofuel Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services<\/td>554<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>555<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>556<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>556<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.2\u00a0 Key Findings<\/td>557<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.2.1\u00a0 Identification and Conservation of Priority Biodiversity Areas are Paramount<\/td>557<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.2.1.1\u00a0 Effects of Feedstock Production on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services are Context Specific<\/td>558<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.2.1.2\u00a0 Location-Specific Management of Feedstock Production Systems should be Implemented to Maintain Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services<\/td>560<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.2.2\u00a0 Biofuel Feedstock Production Interactions with Biodiversity<\/td>560<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.2.2.1\u00a0\u00a0Impacts of Land-Use Change and Production Intensification<\/td>560<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.2.2.2\u00a0 Invasion of Exotic Species introduced through Biofuel Production Activities<\/td>565<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.2.3\u00a0 Ecosystem Services and Biofuel Feedstock Production<\/td>565<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.2.4\u00a0 Mitigating Impacts of Biofuel Production on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services<\/td>565<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.2.4.1\u00a0 Zoning<\/td>569<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.2.4.2\u00a0 Wildlife Friendly Management Practices<\/td>569<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.2.4.3\u00a0 Biodiversity and Environmental Monitoring<\/td>570<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.3\u00a0\u00a0Conclusions<\/td>570<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.4\u00a0\u00a0Recommendations<\/td>\u00a0571<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acknowledgments<\/td>571<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>571<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.\u00a0\u00a0Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Bioenergy<\/td>582<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>583<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>583<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.1\u00a0\u00a0Introduction<\/td>584<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2\u00a0 Key Findings<\/td>585<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2.1\u00a0 Life Cycle Assessments of GHG Emissions from Biofuels<\/td>585<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2.1.1\u00a0 LCA Issues in GHG Emissions<\/td>585<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2.1.2\u00a0 LCA Results of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Biofuels<\/td>587<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2.1.2.1\u00a0 LCA Results for Commercial Liquid Biofuels<\/td>588<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2.1.2.2\u00a0 LCA Results for Solid Biofuels<\/td>592<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2.2\u00a0 Land Use Changes and GHG Emissions<\/td>594<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2.2.1\u00a0 Models Results: iLUC Factors<\/td>595<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2.2.2\u00a0 Biofuels iLUC<\/td>598<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2.2.3\u00a0\u00a0Translating Land Use Changes into GHG Emissions<\/td>599<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2.2.4\u00a0 Options for Mitigating iLUC from a Policy Making Perspective<\/td>601<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2.3\u00a0 Bioenergy Systems, Timing of GHG Emissions and Removals,and non-GHG Climate Change Effects<\/td>602<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.2.4\u00a0\u00a0Funding Innovation: Data Needed to Support Policies and Strategic Decisions<\/td>603<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.3\u00a0Conclusions<\/td>606<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.4\u00a0Recommendations<\/td>608<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.5\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>608<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>609<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.\u00a0\u00a0Soils and Water<\/td>618<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>619<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>619<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.1\u00a0 Introduction<\/td>621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.1.1\u00a0 Interconnectivity of Water and Soil<\/td>621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.1.2\u00a0\u00a0Metrics<\/td>622<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.2\u00a0 Water Impacts of Modern Bioenergy<\/td>\u00a0626<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.2.1\u00a0Water Impacts Current and Novel feedstocks<\/td>627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.2.1.1\u00a0 Annual Bioenergy Crops<\/td>627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.2.1.2\u00a0 Perennial and Semi-Perennial Crops<\/td>627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.2.1.3\u00a0 Forest Biomass in Long Rotation<\/td>628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.2.1.4\u00a0\u00a0Organic Waste and Residues<\/td>628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.2.1.5\u00a0 Algae<\/td>628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.2.2\u00a0 Water Impacts of Conversion Technologies<\/td>629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.3\u00a0 Soil Impacts of Modern Bioenergy<\/td>630<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.3.1\u00a0\u00a0Soil Impacts of Current and Novel Feedstocks<\/td>630<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.3.1.1\u00a0 Annual Bioenergy Crops<\/td>631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.3.1.2\u00a0\u00a0Perennial and Semi-Perennial Crops<\/td>631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.3.1.3\u00a0\u00a0Forest Biomass in Long Rotation<\/td>631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.3.1.4\u00a0\u00a0Waste Biomass<\/td>632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.3.2\u00a0\u00a0Phytoremediation and Recovery of Marginal Soils<\/td>633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.4\u00a0\u00a0Anticipating Changes Associated with Expansion of Bioenergy Production<\/td>633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.4.1\u00a0\u00a0Effects of Land Cover Change<\/td>633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.4.1.1\u00a0\u00a0Effects of Land Cover Change on Water<\/td>634<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.4.1.2\u00a0\u00a0Effects of Land Cover Change on Soils<\/td>638<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.4.2\u00a0\u00a0Effects of Changes in Residue Management and Irrigation Use and Practice<\/td>638<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.4.2.1\u00a0\u00a0Effects of Changes in Residue Management<\/td>638<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.4.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Effects of Changes in Irrigation Use and Practice<\/td>639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.5\u00a0\u00a0Minimizing Impact of Bioenergy Production<\/td>640<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.5.1\u00a0\u00a0Selecting Appropriate Bioenergy Systems for Ecosystems<\/td>640<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.5.2\u00a0\u00a0Landscape-Level Planning and Mixed Systems<\/td>641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.5.3\u00a0\u00a0Evolution in Best Management Practices<\/td>641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.5.4\u00a0\u00a0Using Wastes in Bioenergy Systems to Improve Water and Soil Quality, Close the Nutrient Cycle, and Recover Energy<\/td>642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.5.4.1\u00a0\u00a0Fertirrigation<\/td>642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.5.4.2\u00a0\u00a0Municipal Solid Waste and Wastewater Digestion (Biogas)<\/td>644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.5.4.3\u00a0\u00a0Ash and Biochar<\/td>645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.6\u00a0 Policy and Governance<\/td>645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.7\u00a0\u00a0Conclusions<\/td>\u00a0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.8\u00a0\u00a0Recommendations<\/td>647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18.9\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>648<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.\u00a0\u00a0Sustainability Certification<\/td>660<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>661<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.1\u00a0 Introduction<\/td>661<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.2\u00a0 The Rationale for Sustainability Certification and Baseline Sustainability Principles<\/td>664<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.2.1\u00a0 Regulatory Motivations For Certification<\/td>664<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.2.2\u00a0 Types of Sustainability Certifications<\/td>665<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.2.2.1\u00a0 Forest Certification Systems<\/td>665<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.2.2.2\u00a0 Agricultural Certification Systems<\/td>666<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.2.2.3\u00a0 Biofuel\/Bioliquids Certification Systems<\/td>666<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.2.2.4\u00a0 Wood Pellet Certification Systems<\/td>666<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.2.2.5\u00a0\u00a0Summary of Environmental and Social Indicators<\/td>667<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.3\u00a0 Implementation Challenges for Bioenergy Certification Standards<\/td>668<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.3.1\u00a0 Biodiversity Measurement and Protection<\/td>668<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.3.2\u00a0 Water Quality<\/td>670<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.3.3\u00a0 \"Shed\" Level Sustainability Assessments<\/td>670<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.3.4\u00a0\u00a0Forest Carbon Accounting<\/td>671<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.4\u00a0 Accounting for \u201cIndirect\u201d Effects<\/td>672<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.5\u00a0 Standards Governance and Social Sustainability<\/td>672<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.6\u00a0 The Efficacy of and Challenges to International Harmonization<\/td>675<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.7\u00a0 Conclusions<\/td>675<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.8\u00a0 Highlights and Recommendations<\/td>677<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19.9\u00a0 The Much Needed Science<\/td>678<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>678<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.\u00a0\u00a0Bioenergy Economics and Policies<\/td>682<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>683<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>683<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.1\u00a0 Introduction<\/td>\u00a0683<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.2\u00a0 Key Findings<\/td>685<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.2.1\u00a0 Economic Developments in the Bioenergy Market<\/td>685<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.2.2\u00a0\u00a0Bioenergy Policies are a Key Driver<\/td>688<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.2.3\u00a0 Analyses Framework of Bioenergy within the Emerging Bioeconomy<\/td>690<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.2.4\u00a0\u00a0Arguments for Policy Interventions<\/td>694<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.2.5\u00a0\u00a0Economic Impact of Government Policies<\/td>699<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.3\u00a0 Conclusion<\/td>702<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.4\u00a0 Recommendations (Policy)<\/td>703<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.5\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>704<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>704<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21.\u00a0\u00a0Biomass Resources, Energy Access and Poverty Reduction<\/td>710<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highlights<\/td>711<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Summary<\/td>711<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21.1\u00a0 Introduction<\/td>711<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21.2\u00a0 Poverty, Inequality and Poverty Reduction<\/td>712<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21.3\u00a0 Bioenergy and Poverty Reduction. International Programs<\/td>717<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21.4\u00a0\u00a0Technologies: Biogas, Cooking Stoves, Minigrids<\/td>719<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21.5\u00a0 Energy Access and Rural Development: the Role of Modern Bioenergy<\/td>721<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21.6\u00a0\u00a0Case Studies: Improved Cookstoves for Energy Access, the EnDev Program in Kenya<\/td>723<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21.7\u00a0\u00a0Cross Sector-Synergies: Including Investment and Institutions<\/td>725<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21.8\u00a0\u00a0Conclusions and Recommendations<\/td>725<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21.9\u00a0\u00a0The Much Needed Science<\/td>726<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Literature Cited<\/td>726<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Section V<\/td>731<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Countries and regions cited in SCOPE Bioenergy & Sustainability<\/td>733<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SCOPE Bioenergy & Sustainability Keywords<\/td>734<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n

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